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metadata
license: apache-2.0
language:
  - en
  - fr
tags:
  - text-generation
  - causal-lm
  - transformer
  - jax
  - flax
pipeline_tag: text-generation
datasets:
  - wikipedia
  - oscar-corpus/OSCAR-2301
  - bigcode/the-stack-dedup
library_name: transformers

Julian 500M (10B Tokens)

Decoder-only transformer trained from scratch on 10 billion tokens of English and French text.

This model is part of the Julian model family, a personal research project exploring LLM training from scratch. The goal is educational: understanding every step of the process, from data preparation to distributed training on TPUs.

Architecture

  • Parameters: 508M
  • Hidden size: 1280
  • Layers: 18
  • Attention heads: 20 (head dim 64)
  • FFN: 5120 (SwiGLU, 3 projections)
  • Context: 2048 tokens
  • Vocab: 50,000 (SentencePiece)

The model uses RoPE positional embeddings, RMSNorm, and has no bias terms in linear layers.

Training

Trained on TPU v5litepod-32 for approximately 8 hours.

Data mix:

  • Wikipedia (EN/FR): 50%
  • OSCAR web corpus: 30%
  • The Stack (code): 15%
  • Gutenberg books: 5%

Language ratio is roughly 70% English, 30% French.

Hyperparameters:

  • Batch size: 131k tokens
  • Learning rate: 6e-4 with cosine decay
  • Warmup: 3000 steps
  • AdamW (β2=0.95), weight decay 0.1

Final validation perplexity: 12.1

Usage

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("juliankerignard/julian-500m-10b")
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("juliankerignard/julian-500m-10b")

inputs = tokenizer("La France est", return_tensors="pt")
outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=50, do_sample=True, temperature=0.8)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0], skip_special_tokens=True))

Limitations

This is a base model trained on a modest amount of data. It will:

  • Generate repetitive or incoherent text on longer sequences
  • Hallucinate facts
  • Not follow instructions (no fine-tuning)

Not recommended for production use. Intended for research and experimentation.

Julian Model Family

Model Parameters Training Tokens Status
julian-500m-10b 508M 10B Released
julian-500m-39b 508M 39B Training

Future models (1B+) are planned as the project evolves.

Acknowledgments

This project would not have been possible without the Google TPU Research Cloud (TRC) program, which provides free access to Cloud TPU resources for open research.

A sincere thank you to the TRC team for supporting independent researchers and making this kind of work accessible. If you're working on ML research, I highly encourage applying to the program.

More info: TPU Research Cloud

License

Apache 2.0

Citation

@misc{julian2026,
  author = {Kerignard, Julian},
  title = {Julian 500M},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/juliankerignard/julian-500m-10b}
}